基本の説明Overview
英語の文は、S(主語)・V(動詞)・O(目的語)・C(補語)の4つの要素の組み合わせで、大きく5つの型に分けることができます。これを5文型といいます。文型を意識すると、長くて複雑な文でも骨組みをすばやく見抜けるようになります。English sentences can be sorted into five basic patterns, depending on how four elements combine: S (subject), V (verb), O (object) and C (complement). Knowing the pattern lets you see the framework of even a long, complicated sentence quickly.
S は「だれが・何が」、V は「する・である」、O は動作の対象(〜を・〜に)、C は主語や目的語の状態や名前を説明する語です。in the park や every day のような場所・時などを表す語句(修飾語)は、文型の要素には数えません。どの型になるかは、中心となる動詞の性質で決まります。S is “who / what”, V is “does / is”, O is the target of the action, and C is a word that describes or names the subject or the object. Phrases of place or time such as in the park or every day (modifiers) do not count as elements of the pattern. Which pattern a sentence takes depends on the main verb.
特にまちがえやすいのが SVC と SVO です。SVC の補語(C)は主語とイコールの関係(She = a teacher)、SVO の目的語(O)は動作の対象(I like music の music は「好き」の対象で、I = music ではない)という違いがあります。SVC and SVO are the easiest to mix up. In SVC the complement (C) equals the subject (She = a teacher). In SVO the object (O) is just the target of the action: in I like music, music is what is liked, and I ≠ music.
| 文型Pattern | 形Form | 関係Relationship | 例Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| 第1文型1st pattern | S V | S が V するS does V | Birds fly. |
| 第2文型2nd pattern | S V C | S = C | She is a teacher. |
| 第3文型3rd pattern | S V O | S は O を V するS Vs O | I like music. |
| 第4文型4th pattern | S V O O | S は 人 に もの を V するS Vs a person a thing | He gave me a present. |
| 第5文型5th pattern | S V O C | O = C | We call him Ken. |
文型を見分けるコツは、①まず動詞(V)を見つける、②その前の主語(S)を探す、③動詞のあとに何が続くか(なにも続かない/名詞・形容詞/名詞が1つ/名詞が2つ/名詞 + 名詞・形容詞)を見る、の順に考えることです。同じ動詞でも、make のように複数の文型で使えるものがあります(made a cake = SVO、made me a cake = SVOO、made me happy = SVOC)。To identify the pattern: (1) find the verb (V); (2) find the subject (S) before it; (3) look at what follows the verb — nothing, a noun or adjective, one noun, two nouns, or a noun plus a noun or adjective. The same verb can fit more than one pattern, such as make (made a cake = SVO, made me a cake = SVOO, made me happy = SVOC).
例文で確認Example sentences
① 第1文型(SV)1. 1st pattern (SV)
② 第2文型(SVC)2. 2nd pattern (SVC)
③ 第3文型(SVO)3. 3rd pattern (SVO)
④ 第4文型(SVOO)4. 4th pattern (SVOO)
⑤ 第5文型(SVOC)5. 5th pattern (SVOC)
確認クイズQuick check
次の文は第何文型でしょうか。SV・SVC・SVO・SVOO・SVOC から選びましょう。Which sentence pattern is each sentence? Choose from SV, SVC, SVO, SVOO and SVOC.
- Birds sing beautifully. (Pattern: ___ )
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SV — 第1文型。beautifully は修飾語で、文型の要素ではない。1st pattern. beautifully is a modifier, not an element of the pattern. - She became a nurse. (Pattern: ___ )
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SVC — 第2文型。She = a nurse(S = C)。2nd pattern. She = a nurse (S = C). - Tom has a new bike. (Pattern: ___ )
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SVO — 第3文型。a new bike は has の目的語。Tom = a new bike ではない。3rd pattern. a new bike is the object of has. Tom is not equal to a new bike. - My mother made me a sandwich. (Pattern: ___ )
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SVOO — 第4文型。me(人)と a sandwich(もの)の2つの目的語。4th pattern. Two objects: me (person) and a sandwich (thing). - The movie made us sad. (Pattern: ___ )
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SVOC — 第5文型。us = sad(O = C)。5th pattern. us = sad (O = C). - The soup tastes good. (Pattern: ___ )
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SVC — 第2文型。taste + 形容詞(〜の味がする)。The soup = good の関係。2nd pattern. taste + adjective (“taste …”). The soup = good.
おさえておきたいポイントKey points
- 5文型は S(主語)・V(動詞)・O(目的語)・C(補語)の組み合わせ。どの型になるかは中心となる動詞で決まるThe five patterns are combinations of S, V, O and C. Which pattern a sentence takes depends on the main verb
- SVC は S = C、SVOC は O = C の関係になる。= が成り立てば C、成り立たなければ O と考えるIn SVC, S = C; in SVOC, O = C. If “=” holds, it is C; if not, it is O
- SVOO は「人に(O₁)+ものを(O₂)」。give / show / buy / make などは SVO + to / for の形にも書きかえられるSVOO is “a person (O₁) + a thing (O₂)”. Verbs such as give, show, buy and make can also be rewritten as SVO + to / for
- in the park や every day のような場所・時などの語句(修飾語)は、文型の要素に数えないPhrases of place or time such as in the park or every day (modifiers) are not counted as elements of the pattern
- 同じ動詞でも文型が変わることがある(make = SVO・SVOO・SVOC など)。意味もあわせて覚えるThe same verb can take different patterns (make = SVO, SVOO, SVOC…). Learn the meaning together with the pattern
- look / sound / taste / become などの SVC では、補語に副詞ではなく形容詞(または名詞)を使うIn SVC with look, sound, taste, become and so on, the complement is an adjective (or a noun), not an adverb