Grammar Note
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英文法Grammar · UNIT 25

文型(5文型の基礎)The five basic sentence patterns

英文の骨組みを見分ける5つのパターンRecognizing the underlying structure of any English sentence

基本の説明Overview

英語の文は、S(主語)・V(動詞)・O(目的語)・C(補語)の4つの要素の組み合わせで、大きく5つの型に分けることができます。これを5文型といいます。文型を意識すると、長くて複雑な文でも骨組みをすばやく見抜けるようになります。English sentences can be sorted into five basic patterns, depending on how four elements combine: S (subject), V (verb), O (object) and C (complement). Knowing the pattern lets you see the framework of even a long, complicated sentence quickly.

S は「だれが・何が」、V は「する・である」、O は動作の対象(〜を・〜に)、C は主語や目的語の状態や名前を説明する語です。in the park や every day のような場所・時などを表す語句(修飾語)は、文型の要素には数えません。どの型になるかは、中心となる動詞の性質で決まります。S is “who / what”, V is “does / is”, O is the target of the action, and C is a word that describes or names the subject or the object. Phrases of place or time such as in the park or every day (modifiers) do not count as elements of the pattern. Which pattern a sentence takes depends on the main verb.

特にまちがえやすいのが SVC と SVO です。SVC の補語(C)は主語とイコールの関係(She = a teacher)、SVO の目的語(O)は動作の対象(I like music の music は「好き」の対象で、I = music ではない)という違いがあります。SVC and SVO are the easiest to mix up. In SVC the complement (C) equals the subject (She = a teacher). In SVO the object (O) is just the target of the action: in I like music, music is what is liked, and I ≠ music.

文型Pattern形Form関係Relationship例Example
第1文型1st patternS VS が V するS does VBirds fly.
第2文型2nd patternS V CS = CShe is a teacher.
第3文型3rd patternS V OS は O を V するS Vs OI like music.
第4文型4th patternS V O OS は 人 に もの を V するS Vs a person a thingHe gave me a present.
第5文型5th patternS V O CO = CWe call him Ken.
第1文型 SV/第2文型 SVC/第3文型 SVO/第4文型 SVOO/第5文型 SVOC1st pattern: SV / 2nd: SVC / 3rd: SVO / 4th: SVOO / 5th: SVOCC(補語)は主語や目的語の状態を説明し、O(目的語)は動作の対象を表す。C (complement) describes the subject or object; O (object) is simply the target of the action.

文型を見分けるコツは、①まず動詞(V)を見つける、②その前の主語(S)を探す、③動詞のあとに何が続くか(なにも続かない/名詞・形容詞/名詞が1つ/名詞が2つ/名詞 + 名詞・形容詞)を見る、の順に考えることです。同じ動詞でも、make のように複数の文型で使えるものがあります(made a cake = SVO、made me a cake = SVOO、made me happy = SVOC)。To identify the pattern: (1) find the verb (V); (2) find the subject (S) before it; (3) look at what follows the verb — nothing, a noun or adjective, one noun, two nouns, or a noun plus a noun or adjective. The same verb can fit more than one pattern, such as make (made a cake = SVO, made me a cake = SVOO, made me happy = SVOC).

例文で確認Example sentences

① 第1文型(SV)1. 1st pattern (SV)

Birds fly.
鳥は飛びます。
第1文型(SV):動詞だけで意味が成立する。1st pattern (SV): the verb alone completes the meaning.
The sun rises in the east.
太陽は東からのぼります。
in the east は修飾語(場所)で、文型の要素ではない。in the east is a modifier (place), not an element of the pattern.
Tom runs every morning.
トムは毎朝走ります。
every morning は修飾語(時)。every morning is a modifier (time).
The bus stopped at the corner.
バスは角で止まりました。
at the corner は修飾語。at the corner is a modifier.

② 第2文型(SVC)2. 2nd pattern (SVC)

She is a teacher.
彼女は先生です。
第2文型(SVC):S = C の関係(she = a teacher)。2nd pattern (SVC): subject equals complement (she = a teacher).
Tom became a doctor.
トムは医者になりました。
become は「〜になる」。Tom = a doctor の関係。become means “turn into”. Tom = a doctor.
You look happy today.
今日のあなたはうれしそうに見えます。
look + 形容詞(〜に見える)。補語には副詞ではなく形容詞を使う。look + adjective (“seem …”). The complement is an adjective, not an adverb.
That idea sounds great.
その考えはすばらしく聞こえます。
sound + 形容詞(〜に聞こえる・〜そうだ)。sound + adjective (“sounds …”).
The leaves turned red in fall.
秋には葉が赤くなりました。
turn + 形容詞(〜に変わる)。in fall は修飾語。turn + adjective (“change to …”). in fall is a modifier.

③ 第3文型(SVO)3. 3rd pattern (SVO)

I like music.
私は音楽が好きです。
第3文型(SVO):music は「好き」の対象で、I = music ではない。3rd pattern (SVO): music is what is liked; I is not equal to music.
Mika plays the piano every day.
ミカは毎日ピアノをひきます。
the piano が目的語(O)、every day は修飾語。the piano is the object (O); every day is a modifier.
We studied English yesterday.
私たちは昨日英語を勉強しました。
English が目的語。yesterday は修飾語。English is the object; yesterday is a modifier.
Tom reached the station at six.
トムは6時に駅に着きました。
reach は「〜に着く」でも to をつけず、目的語を直接とる。reach (“arrive at”) takes its object directly, without to.

④ 第4文型(SVOO)4. 4th pattern (SVOO)

He gave me a present.
彼は私にプレゼントをくれました。
第4文型(SVOO):「人に(O₁)+ものを(O₂)」の2つの目的語。4th pattern (SVOO): two objects, “to a person” (O₁) + “a thing” (O₂).
Mika showed us her new bag.
ミカは私たちに新しいかばんを見せてくれました。
us が O₁、her new bag が O₂。us is O₁ and her new bag is O₂.
My father bought me a bike.
父は私に自転車を買ってくれました。
me が O₁、a bike が O₂。me is O₁ and a bike is O₂.
She made her son a cake.
彼女は息子にケーキを作ってあげました。
her son が O₁、a cake が O₂。her son is O₁ and a cake is O₂.
My father bought a bike for me.
父は私に自転車を買ってくれました。
第3文型(SVO)への書きかえ。give / show などは to、buy / make などは for を使う。Rewritten as the 3rd pattern (SVO). Verbs like give and show take to; verbs like buy and make take for.

⑤ 第5文型(SVOC)5. 5th pattern (SVOC)

We call him Ken.
私たちは彼をケンと呼びます。
第5文型(SVOC):O = C の関係(him = Ken)。5th pattern (SVOC): object equals complement (him = Ken).
The news made her happy.
その知らせは彼女をうれしくさせました。
her = happy の関係。「知らせのおかげで彼女はうれしくなった」と訳してもよい。her = happy. It can also be read as “The news made her glad.”
I found the book interesting.
私はその本をおもしろいと思いました。
the book = interesting の関係。find O C は「OがCだとわかる・思う」。the book = interesting. find O C means “find that O is C”.
Tom keeps his room clean.
トムは部屋をきれいにしています。
his room = clean。keep O C は「OをCのままにしておく」。his room = clean. keep O C means “keep O in the state C”.

確認クイズQuick check

次の文は第何文型でしょうか。SV・SVC・SVO・SVOO・SVOC から選びましょう。Which sentence pattern is each sentence? Choose from SV, SVC, SVO, SVOO and SVOC.

  1. Birds sing beautifully. (Pattern: ___ )
    答えを見るShow the answer
    SV — 第1文型。beautifully は修飾語で、文型の要素ではない。1st pattern. beautifully is a modifier, not an element of the pattern.
  2. She became a nurse. (Pattern: ___ )
    答えを見るShow the answer
    SVC — 第2文型。She = a nurse(S = C)。2nd pattern. She = a nurse (S = C).
  3. Tom has a new bike. (Pattern: ___ )
    答えを見るShow the answer
    SVO — 第3文型。a new bike は has の目的語。Tom = a new bike ではない。3rd pattern. a new bike is the object of has. Tom is not equal to a new bike.
  4. My mother made me a sandwich. (Pattern: ___ )
    答えを見るShow the answer
    SVOO — 第4文型。me(人)と a sandwich(もの)の2つの目的語。4th pattern. Two objects: me (person) and a sandwich (thing).
  5. The movie made us sad. (Pattern: ___ )
    答えを見るShow the answer
    SVOC — 第5文型。us = sad(O = C)。5th pattern. us = sad (O = C).
  6. The soup tastes good. (Pattern: ___ )
    答えを見るShow the answer
    SVC — 第2文型。taste + 形容詞(〜の味がする)。The soup = good の関係。2nd pattern. taste + adjective (“taste …”). The soup = good.

おさえておきたいポイントKey points

  • 5文型は S(主語)・V(動詞)・O(目的語)・C(補語)の組み合わせ。どの型になるかは中心となる動詞で決まるThe five patterns are combinations of S, V, O and C. Which pattern a sentence takes depends on the main verb
  • SVC は S = C、SVOC は O = C の関係になる。= が成り立てば C、成り立たなければ O と考えるIn SVC, S = C; in SVOC, O = C. If “=” holds, it is C; if not, it is O
  • SVOO は「人に(O₁)+ものを(O₂)」。give / show / buy / make などは SVO + to / for の形にも書きかえられるSVOO is “a person (O₁) + a thing (O₂)”. Verbs such as give, show, buy and make can also be rewritten as SVO + to / for
  • in the park や every day のような場所・時などの語句(修飾語)は、文型の要素に数えないPhrases of place or time such as in the park or every day (modifiers) are not counted as elements of the pattern
  • 同じ動詞でも文型が変わることがある(make = SVO・SVOO・SVOC など)。意味もあわせて覚えるThe same verb can take different patterns (make = SVO, SVOO, SVOC…). Learn the meaning together with the pattern
  • look / sound / taste / become などの SVC では、補語に副詞ではなく形容詞(または名詞)を使うIn SVC with look, sound, taste, become and so on, the complement is an adjective (or a noun), not an adverb
よくある間違いCommon mistake:"You look happily." ✗ → "You look happy." ✓ look は SVC の動詞で、補語(C)には形容詞を使います。"You look happily." ✗ → "You look happy." ✓ look is an SVC verb, so the complement (C) is an adjective.
よくある間違いCommon mistake:"She explained me the rule." ✗ → "She explained the rule to me." ✓ explain は SVOO の形にできず、SVO + to me にします。"She explained me the rule." ✗ → "She explained the rule to me." ✓ explain cannot take the SVOO form; use SVO + to me.
よくある間違いCommon mistake:"The news made she happy." ✗ → "The news made her happy." ✓ 目的語(O)の位置には she ではなく目的格の her を使います。"The news made she happy." ✗ → "The news made her happy." ✓ In the object (O) position, use the object form her, not she.