現在完了形Present perfect

基本の説明Overview

現在完了形は、〈have[has] + 過去分詞〉の形で、過去の出来事と「今」を結びつけて表す言い方です。たとえば I have lost my key. は「かぎをなくした」という過去の出来事だけでなく、「だから今もかぎがない」という今の状態まで伝えます。The present perfect (“have/has + past participle”) links a past event to the present. For example, I have lost my key. doesn't just say that you lost it in the past — it also tells us that you still don't have it now.

意味は大きく3つに分かれます。どの意味になるかは、文の中の語句（just, ever, for など）や前後の流れから判断します。It has three main meanings. You can usually tell which one is meant from the words in the sentence (just, ever, for, etc.) and from the context.

過去分詞は動詞ごとに形が決まっています。finished, played のように -ed の規則変化のほか、seen, eaten, been, done, gone, known, written など不規則に変わるものは1つずつ覚えましょう。Each verb has its own past participle. Regular verbs add -ed (finished, played), but irregular ones such as seen, eaten, been, done, gone, known and written have to be learned one by one.

もう1つ大切なのは、過去形との違いです。yesterday / last week / ago / 〜年前 のように「過去のある一時点」をはっきり示す語があるときは、現在完了形ではなく過去形を使います。When ~?（いつ〜？）とたずねるときも過去形です。The other key point is the difference from the simple past. When a word names a definite point in the past (yesterday, last week, ago…), use the simple past, not the present perfect. The same goes for questions that begin with When ~?

例文で確認Example sentences

① 完了（〜したところだ・〜してしまった）1. Completion (“have just done”)

② 経験（〜したことがある）2. Experience (“have done before”)

③ 継続（ずっと〜している）3. Continuation (“have kept doing”)

④ have been to と have gone to4. have been to vs. have gone to

⑤ 過去形との違い5. Present perfect vs. simple past

確認クイズQuick check

空所に入る語を答えましょう。( ) の動詞は適切な形に直します。Fill in each blank. Change the verb in ( ) into the correct form.

1. I have ___ (see) that movie twice.
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   seen — have のあとは過去分詞。see - saw - seen。「2回見たことがある」は経験。After have we need the past participle: see - saw - seen. “Twice” shows experience.
2. Tom ___ been busy for a week.
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   has — 主語 Tom は単数（he）なので has。for a week は継続を表す。Tom is singular (he), so has. for a week shows continuation.
3. ___ you ever been to Hokkaido?
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   Have — you なので Have。ever があるので経験をたずねる文。With you, use Have. ever shows this asks about experience.
4. My brother ___ not come home yet.
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   has — My brother は単数なので has。has not（hasn't）come で「まだ帰ってきていない」。My brother is singular, so has. has not (hasn't) come means “hasn't come yet”.
5. I ___ (see) Mika last Sunday.
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   saw — last Sunday は過去の一時点なので、現在完了形ではなく過去形（saw）を使う。last Sunday is a definite past time, so use the simple past (saw), not the present perfect.
6. She has been sick ___ Monday. (for / since)
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   since — Monday は「起点」なので since。期間（three days など）なら for を使う。Monday is a starting point, so since. For a length of time (three days, etc.) use for.

おさえておきたいポイントKey points

• 形は〈have[has] + 過去分詞〉。he / she / it や単数名詞が主語のときは has を使うThe form is have[has] + past participle. Use has when the subject is he / she / it or a singular noun
• 意味は3つ。完了「〜したところだ」、経験「〜したことがある」、継続「ずっと〜している」There are three meanings: completion (“have just done”), experience (“have done before”), continuation (“have kept doing”)
• 目印の語を覚える。完了は just / already / yet、経験は ever / never / before / 〜 times、継続は for / sinceLearn the signal words: just / already / yet for completion, ever / never / before / ~ times for experience, for / since for continuation
• for は「期間」（for ten years）、since は「起点」（since last year）が続くfor is followed by a period (for ten years); since is followed by a starting point (since last year)
• yesterday / last week / ago / When ~? など過去の一時点を示す語とは使えない（過去形を使う）Never use it with yesterday / last week / ago / When ~? — use the simple past instead
• 否定文は have[has] not（haven't / hasn't）、疑問文は Have[Has] を主語の前に出す。have been to「行ったことがある」と have gone to「行ってしまった」の違いにも注意Negative: have[has] not (haven't / hasn't). Question: put Have[Has] before the subject. Also note have been to (“have visited”) vs. have gone to (“has gone and isn't here”)