Grammar Note
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英文法Grammar · UNIT 10

形容詞と副詞Adjectives and adverbs

ものの様子と動作の様子を説明する言葉Describing what things are like and how actions happen

基本の説明Overview

形容詞は、名詞やものごとの様子・性質を説明する語です(big, new, kind など)。使い方は2つあり、a big dog のように名詞の前に置いて説明するか、The dog is big. のように be動詞などのあとに置いて主語の状態を説明します。An adjective describes the appearance or quality of a noun (big, new, kind). It is used in two ways: before a noun (a big dog), or after a be-verb or similar verb to describe the subject (The dog is big).

副詞は、主に動詞を説明して「どのように」「どれくらい」「いつ」などを表します(He runs quickly.)。動詞だけでなく、形容詞や別の副詞の程度を表すこともできます(very kind, very well)。「どんな名詞か」なら形容詞、「どのように」なら副詞と覚えると整理しやすくなります。An adverb mainly describes a verb and tells “how”, “how much” or “when” (He runs quickly). It can also describe an adjective or another adverb (very kind, very well). Think “what kind of noun?” = adjective, “how?” = adverb.

多くの副詞は、形容詞のあとに -ly をつけて作ります(quiet → quietly)。「子音字+y」で終わる語は y を i に変えて -ily にします(happy → happily)。ただし good の副詞は well で、fast / hard / early / late のように形容詞と同じ形の副詞もあります。Many adverbs are made by adding -ly to an adjective (quiet → quietly). If the adjective ends in a consonant + y, change y to i and add -ly (happy → happily). However, the adverb of good is well, and some words such as fast, hard, early and late have the same form as adjectives and adverbs.

形容詞Adjective副詞Adverb作り方How it is made
quietquietlyそのまま -ly をつけるJust add -ly
carefulcarefullyそのまま -ly をつけるJust add -ly
happyhappilyy を i に変えて -lyChange y to i, add -ly
easyeasilyy を i に変えて -lyChange y to i, add -ly
goodwell形がまったく違うA completely different word
fastfast形容詞と同じ形Same form
hardhard形容詞と同じ形(「一生けんめい」)Same form (“with great effort”)
earlyearly形容詞と同じ形Same form
形容詞+名詞 / be動詞+形容詞 / 動詞(+目的語)+副詞Adjective + noun / be-verb + adjective / verb (+ object) + adverb副詞はふつう動詞(目的語があればその後ろ)または文末に置く。An adverb usually comes after the verb (after the object, if there is one) or at the end of the sentence.

look(〜に見える)、taste(〜の味がする)、become / get(〜になる)などの動詞のあとには、副詞ではなく形容詞を置きます(You look happy.)。また、always・usually・often・sometimes・never のように「どれくらいの頻度か」を表す副詞は、一般動詞の前、be動詞のあとに置くのが基本です。After verbs like look, taste and become / get, put an adjective, not an adverb (You look happy). Adverbs of frequency such as always, usually, often, sometimes and never normally go before a regular verb and after a be-verb.

例文で確認Example sentences

① 名詞の前の形容詞1. Adjective + noun

That is a beautiful flower.
あれは美しい花です。
名詞 flower を説明する形容詞。An adjective describing the noun flower.
I have a new bike.
私は新しい自転車を持っています。
She is wearing a red sweater.
彼女は赤いセーターを着ています。
形容詞は a と名詞の間に入る(a red sweater)。The adjective goes between a and the noun (a red sweater).
We had hot soup for lunch.
私たちは昼食に熱いスープを飲みました。

② be動詞などのあとの形容詞2. Adjective after a be-verb or similar verb

The room is clean.
その部屋はきれいです。
be動詞のあとの形容詞は、主語の状態を説明する。An adjective after a be-verb describes the state of the subject.
You look happy today.
あなたは今日うれしそうに見えます。
look のあとは形容詞(happily にはしない)。After look, use an adjective (not happily).
This soup tastes good.
このスープはおいしい味がします。
taste のあとも形容詞。「上手に」の well とは区別する。After taste, use an adjective. Do not confuse it with well (“skillfully”).
It is getting dark.
暗くなってきました。
get + 形容詞 で「〜になる」。Get + adjective means “become”.

③ 動作の様子を表す副詞3. Adverbs of manner

He runs quickly.
彼は素早く走ります。
動詞 runs を説明する副詞。An adverb describing the verb runs.
Please speak slowly.
ゆっくり話してください。
She opened the door quietly.
彼女はそっとドアを開けました。
目的語(the door)があるときは、その後ろに置く。When there is an object (the door), the adverb goes after it.
My brother plays tennis well.
兄はテニスが上手です。
good の副詞形は well。goodly とは言わない。The adverb form of good is well. We never say goodly.

④ 形容詞と同じ形の副詞4. Adverbs with the same form as adjectives

This is a fast train.
これは速い電車です。
ここでは名詞 train を説明する形容詞。Here fast is an adjective describing the noun train.
The train runs fast.
その電車は速く走ります。
ここでは動詞 runs を説明する副詞。形は同じ。Here fast is an adverb describing the verb runs. The form is the same.
Tom studies hard every day.
トムは毎日一生けんめい勉強します。
hard は「一生けんめい」。hardly は「ほとんど〜ない」で別の意味。Hard means “with effort”. Hardly is a different word meaning “almost not”.
I got up early this morning.
今朝は早く起きました。
early も形容詞と副詞で同じ形。Early has the same form as an adjective and as an adverb.

⑤ 程度を表す副詞(very, really, too)5. Adverbs of degree (very, really, too)

She sings very well.
彼女はとても上手に歌います。
very は副詞 well をさらに説明している。Very further describes the adverb well.
This question is really difficult.
この問題は本当に難しいです。
really は形容詞 difficult の程度を表す。Really shows the degree of the adjective difficult.
This bag is too heavy for me.
このかばんは私には重すぎます。
too は「〜すぎる」。ほどよい程度ではなく、行きすぎを表す。Too means “more than is good”: it shows going past the limit.

⑥ 頻度を表す副詞6. Adverbs of frequency

I always walk to school.
私はいつも歩いて学校へ行きます。
一般動詞(walk)の前に置く。It goes before a regular verb (walk).
Mika is usually at home on Sundays.
ミカは日曜日はたいてい家にいます。
be動詞(is)のあとに置く。It goes after the be-verb (is).
We sometimes go to the park.
私たちはときどき公園へ行きます。

確認クイズQuick check

空所に入る語(括弧の中から選ぶか、形を変えて)を答えましょう。Fill in each blank. Choose from the brackets or change the form of the word.

  1. Please speak ___. (slow)
    答えを見るShow the answer
    slowly — 動詞 speak を説明するので副詞。slow に -ly をつける。It describes the verb speak, so an adverb: add -ly to slow.
  2. She sings ___. (good / well)
    答えを見るShow the answer
    well — 「上手に歌う」と動詞を説明するので副詞の well。It describes the verb sings, so the adverb well.
  3. You look ___ today. (happy / happily)
    答えを見るShow the answer
    happy — look のあとは形容詞。主語の様子を説明する。After look, use an adjective: it describes the subject.
  4. Tom studies ___ every day. (hard / hardly)
    答えを見るShow the answer
    hard — 「一生けんめい」は hard。hardly は「ほとんど〜ない」で意味が違う。“With effort” is hard. Hardly means “almost not”.
  5. He is a ___ runner. (fast / fastly)
    答えを見るShow the answer
    fast — fast は形容詞でもあり、名詞 runner を説明する。fastly という語はふつう使わない。Fast is also an adjective and describes the noun runner. We do not normally use fastly.
  6. This soup tastes ___. (good / well)
    答えを見るShow the answer
    good — taste のあとは形容詞なので good。After taste, use an adjective, so good.

おさえておきたいポイントKey points

  • 形容詞は名詞を修飾するか、be動詞などのあとで主語の状態を説明するAn adjective modifies a noun, or describes the subject after a be-verb or similar verb
  • 副詞は動詞・形容詞・別の副詞を修飾する(「どのように」「どれくらい」を表す)An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb (how, how much)
  • 多くの副詞は形容詞+-ly。y で終わる語は happy → happily のように y を i に変えるMany adverbs are adjective + -ly; words ending in y change it to i (happy → happily)
  • good の副詞形は goodly ではなく well。fast / hard / early / late は形が同じThe adverb of good is well, not goodly; fast, hard, early and late keep the same form
  • look・taste・become / get などのあとは副詞ではなく形容詞を使うAfter look, taste and become / get, use an adjective, not an adverb
  • 頻度の副詞(always, usually, often, sometimes, never)は一般動詞の前、be動詞のあとFrequency adverbs (always, usually, often, sometimes, never) go before a regular verb and after a be-verb
よくある間違いCommon mistake:"She sings good." ✗ → "She sings well." ✓ 動詞を説明するのは副詞 well です。"She sings good." ✗ → "She sings well." ✓ A verb is described by the adverb well.
よくある間違いCommon mistake:"You look happily." ✗ → "You look happy." ✓ look のあとは形容詞を使います。"You look happily." ✗ → "You look happy." ✓ Use an adjective after look.
よくある間違いCommon mistake:"I go always to school." ✗ → "I always go to school." ✓ 頻度の副詞は一般動詞の前に置きます。"I go always to school." ✗ → "I always go to school." ✓ Put a frequency adverb before the regular verb.