基本の説明Overview
形容詞は、名詞やものごとの様子・性質を説明する語です(big, new, kind など)。使い方は2つあり、a big dog のように名詞の前に置いて説明するか、The dog is big. のように be動詞などのあとに置いて主語の状態を説明します。An adjective describes the appearance or quality of a noun (big, new, kind). It is used in two ways: before a noun (a big dog), or after a be-verb or similar verb to describe the subject (The dog is big).
副詞は、主に動詞を説明して「どのように」「どれくらい」「いつ」などを表します(He runs quickly.)。動詞だけでなく、形容詞や別の副詞の程度を表すこともできます(very kind, very well)。「どんな名詞か」なら形容詞、「どのように」なら副詞と覚えると整理しやすくなります。An adverb mainly describes a verb and tells “how”, “how much” or “when” (He runs quickly). It can also describe an adjective or another adverb (very kind, very well). Think “what kind of noun?” = adjective, “how?” = adverb.
多くの副詞は、形容詞のあとに -ly をつけて作ります(quiet → quietly)。「子音字+y」で終わる語は y を i に変えて -ily にします(happy → happily)。ただし good の副詞は well で、fast / hard / early / late のように形容詞と同じ形の副詞もあります。Many adverbs are made by adding -ly to an adjective (quiet → quietly). If the adjective ends in a consonant + y, change y to i and add -ly (happy → happily). However, the adverb of good is well, and some words such as fast, hard, early and late have the same form as adjectives and adverbs.
| 形容詞Adjective | 副詞Adverb | 作り方How it is made |
|---|---|---|
| quiet | quietly | そのまま -ly をつけるJust add -ly |
| careful | carefully | そのまま -ly をつけるJust add -ly |
| happy | happily | y を i に変えて -lyChange y to i, add -ly |
| easy | easily | y を i に変えて -lyChange y to i, add -ly |
| good | well | 形がまったく違うA completely different word |
| fast | fast | 形容詞と同じ形Same form |
| hard | hard | 形容詞と同じ形(「一生けんめい」)Same form (“with great effort”) |
| early | early | 形容詞と同じ形Same form |
look(〜に見える)、taste(〜の味がする)、become / get(〜になる)などの動詞のあとには、副詞ではなく形容詞を置きます(You look happy.)。また、always・usually・often・sometimes・never のように「どれくらいの頻度か」を表す副詞は、一般動詞の前、be動詞のあとに置くのが基本です。After verbs like look, taste and become / get, put an adjective, not an adverb (You look happy). Adverbs of frequency such as always, usually, often, sometimes and never normally go before a regular verb and after a be-verb.
例文で確認Example sentences
① 名詞の前の形容詞1. Adjective + noun
② be動詞などのあとの形容詞2. Adjective after a be-verb or similar verb
③ 動作の様子を表す副詞3. Adverbs of manner
④ 形容詞と同じ形の副詞4. Adverbs with the same form as adjectives
⑤ 程度を表す副詞(very, really, too)5. Adverbs of degree (very, really, too)
⑥ 頻度を表す副詞6. Adverbs of frequency
確認クイズQuick check
空所に入る語(括弧の中から選ぶか、形を変えて)を答えましょう。Fill in each blank. Choose from the brackets or change the form of the word.
- Please speak ___. (slow)
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slowly — 動詞 speak を説明するので副詞。slow に -ly をつける。It describes the verb speak, so an adverb: add -ly to slow. - She sings ___. (good / well)
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well — 「上手に歌う」と動詞を説明するので副詞の well。It describes the verb sings, so the adverb well. - You look ___ today. (happy / happily)
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happy — look のあとは形容詞。主語の様子を説明する。After look, use an adjective: it describes the subject. - Tom studies ___ every day. (hard / hardly)
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hard — 「一生けんめい」は hard。hardly は「ほとんど〜ない」で意味が違う。“With effort” is hard. Hardly means “almost not”. - He is a ___ runner. (fast / fastly)
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fast — fast は形容詞でもあり、名詞 runner を説明する。fastly という語はふつう使わない。Fast is also an adjective and describes the noun runner. We do not normally use fastly. - This soup tastes ___. (good / well)
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good — taste のあとは形容詞なので good。After taste, use an adjective, so good.
おさえておきたいポイントKey points
- 形容詞は名詞を修飾するか、be動詞などのあとで主語の状態を説明するAn adjective modifies a noun, or describes the subject after a be-verb or similar verb
- 副詞は動詞・形容詞・別の副詞を修飾する(「どのように」「どれくらい」を表す)An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb (how, how much)
- 多くの副詞は形容詞+-ly。y で終わる語は happy → happily のように y を i に変えるMany adverbs are adjective + -ly; words ending in y change it to i (happy → happily)
- good の副詞形は goodly ではなく well。fast / hard / early / late は形が同じThe adverb of good is well, not goodly; fast, hard, early and late keep the same form
- look・taste・become / get などのあとは副詞ではなく形容詞を使うAfter look, taste and become / get, use an adjective, not an adverb
- 頻度の副詞(always, usually, often, sometimes, never)は一般動詞の前、be動詞のあとFrequency adverbs (always, usually, often, sometimes, never) go before a regular verb and after a be-verb