話法（直接話法・間接話法）Direct and indirect speech

基本の説明Overview

人が言ったことを伝える方法は2つあります。言った言葉をそのまま引用符（" "）に入れて伝える言い方を直接話法、自分の言葉に置きかえて伝える言い方を間接話法と呼びます。There are two ways to report what someone said. Direct speech repeats the exact words inside quotation marks; indirect (reported) speech rephrases them in your own words.

直接話法を間接話法に書きかえるときは、「伝える人の立場」から言いなおすことになります。そのため、①人称代名詞（I, you など）、②動詞の時制、③時や場所を表す語（now, tomorrow, here など）の3つを調整する必要があります。To turn direct speech into indirect speech, you retell the words from the reporter's point of view. That means adjusting three things: (1) personal pronouns (I, you…), (2) the tense of the verb, and (3) words of time and place (now, tomorrow, here…).

時制は、伝える動詞（said など）が過去形のとき、「発言したときの現在」が「今から見た過去」になるため、一段階過去にずらします。現在形は過去形に、will は would に、can は could に、現在完了形や過去形は過去完了形（had + 過去分詞）になります。When the reporting verb (said, etc.) is in the past, the moment of speaking is now in the past, so the tense moves one step back: present becomes past, will becomes would, can becomes could, and the present perfect or past becomes the past perfect (had + past participle).

ただし、いつでも時制をずらすわけではありません。伝える時点でも変わらない事実や、伝える動詞が現在形（He says that he is tired. など）のときは、時制をずらさずにそのまま使います。Tenses are not always shifted. If what was said is still true now (a general fact), or if the reporting verb is in the present (He says that he is tired.), the tense stays as it is.

例文で確認Example sentences

① 平叙文（現在形 → 過去形）1. Statements (present → past)

② 助動詞・完了形・過去形のずれ方2. How modals, perfect and past forms shift

③ 時・場所を表す語の変化3. Changes in words of time and place

④ 疑問文の伝え方4. Reporting questions

⑤ 命令文・依頼の伝え方5. Reporting commands and requests

⑥ say と tell・時制を変えない場合6. say vs. tell, and when tense stays the same

確認クイズQuick check

直接話法を間接話法に書きかえて、空所に入る語を答えましょう。Rewrite each direct speech sentence as indirect speech and fill in the blank.

1. Tom said, "I am sleepy." → Tom said that he ___ sleepy.
   答えを見るShow the answer

   was — 伝える動詞が過去形なので am が was になる。The reporting verb is past, so am becomes was.
2. Mika said, "I will visit my grandmother tomorrow." → Mika said that she ___ visit her grandmother the next day.
   答えを見るShow the answer

   would — will は would に変える。tomorrow は the next day。will becomes would. tomorrow becomes the next day.
3. Ken said, "I have lost my key." → Ken said that he ___ lost his key.
   答えを見るShow the answer

   had — 現在完了（have lost）は過去完了（had lost）になる。The present perfect (have lost) becomes the past perfect (had lost).
4. He asked me, "Do you like soccer?" → He asked me ___ I liked soccer.
   答えを見るShow the answer

   if (whether) — Yes / No でこたえる疑問文は if または whether でつなぐ。A yes/no question is joined with if or whether.
5. The teacher said to us, "Be quiet." → The teacher told us ___ be quiet.
   答えを見るShow the answer

   to — 命令文は tell + 人 + to + 動詞の原形。A command becomes tell + person + to + base verb.
6. Ken said, "I am busy today." → Ken said that he was busy ___.
   答えを見るShow the answer

   that day — today は that day になる。today becomes that day.

おさえておきたいポイントKey points

• 伝える動詞（said など）が過去形のとき、that 節の中の時制は一段階過去にずれる（現在 → 過去、will → would、現在完了・過去 → 過去完了）When the reporting verb (said, etc.) is past, the tense inside the that-clause shifts one step back (present → past, will → would, present perfect / past → past perfect)
• 人称代名詞は、伝える人の立場に合わせて変える（I → he / she、you → I / me / him など。だれが言ったか、だれに言ったかで決まる）Pronouns change to fit the reporter (I → he / she, you → I / me / him, etc., depending on who spoke and to whom)
• now → then、today → that day、tomorrow → the next day、here → there など、時・場所を表す語も変えるWords of time and place change too: now → then, today → that day, tomorrow → the next day, here → there
• 疑問文は ask を使い、疑問詞（または if / whether）のあとを〈主語 + 動詞〉の普通の語順にするA question is reported with ask, and what follows the question word (or if / whether) is in normal order: subject + verb
• 命令・依頼は tell / ask + 人 + to + 動詞の原形で伝える（否定は not to）Commands and requests are reported with tell / ask + person + to + base verb (negative: not to)
• say は直接「人」を続けられない（say to me か tell me）。今も変わらない事実や、伝える動詞が現在形のときは時制を変えなくてよいsay cannot take the listener directly (say to me / tell me). Tense need not change for facts that are still true or when the reporting verb is in the present