基本の説明Overview
代名詞は、名詞の代わりに使う語です。Tom や my mother を何度もくり返すかわりに he や she を使うと、文がすっきりします。人を表す代名詞は、文の中での働きによって形が変わります。A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. Instead of repeating Tom or my mother, you can use he or she, which keeps the sentence short. Pronouns that refer to people change form according to their role in the sentence.
形は5種類です。①主格（〜は・〜が）は主語の位置、②所有格（〜の）は名詞の前、③目的格（〜を・〜に）は動詞や前置詞のあと、④所有代名詞（〜のもの）は「所有格＋名詞」を1語にまとめた形、⑤再帰代名詞（〜自身）は「自分自身」を表す形で使います。下の表で、I から順に並べて覚えましょう。There are five forms. (1) The subject form (I, he) is used as the subject. (2) The possessive (my, his) goes before a noun. (3) The object form (me, him) comes after a verb or a preposition. (4) The possessive pronoun (mine, his) packs “possessive + noun” into one word. (5) The reflexive pronoun (myself) means “oneself”. Learn them in rows, starting from I.
| 主格（〜は）Subject | 所有格（〜の）Possessive | 目的格（〜を・〜に）Object | 所有代名詞（〜のもの）Possessive pronoun | 再帰代名詞（〜自身）Reflexive |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | my | me | mine | myself |
| you | your | you | yours | yourself |
| he | his | him | his | himself |
| she | her | her | hers | herself |
| it | its | it | — | itself |
| we | our | us | ours | ourselves |
| they | their | them | theirs | themselves |
特に間違えやすいのは she と her、he と him です。she / he は主語、her / him は目的語です。“Her is my friend.” のように目的格を主語にしないよう注意しましょう。また、her は「彼女の」（所有格）と「彼女を・に」（目的格）の両方を表します。名詞が後ろに続けば所有格、続かなければ目的格です。The pairs she / her and he / him are the easiest to mix up. She and he are subjects; her and him are objects. Never use an object form as the subject, as in “Her is my friend.” Also, her works as both a possessive (“her bag”) and an object (“help her”): if a noun follows, it is the possessive; if not, it is the object.
it には、すでに話に出たものを指す使い方のほかに、天気・時間・寒暖を言うときの特別な使い方（It is rainy. など）があります。この it は「それ」と訳しません。Besides referring to something already mentioned, it has a special use for weather, time and temperature (It is rainy). This it is not translated as “that”.
例文で確認Example sentences
① 主格（〜は・〜が）1. Subject forms
② 所有格（〜の）2. Possessive forms
③ 目的格（〜を・〜に）3. Object forms
④ 所有代名詞（〜のもの）4. Possessive pronouns
⑤ 再帰代名詞（〜自身）5. Reflexive pronouns
⑥ 天気・時間を表す it6. It for weather and time
確認クイズQuick check
空所に入る代名詞を答えましょう。Fill in each blank with the correct pronoun.
- This is Mika. ___ is my friend.
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She — 主語になるので主格の She。It is the subject, so the subject form She. - I like Tom. I often play tennis with ___.
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him — with のあとは目的格。Tom は男性なので him。After with, use the object form. Tom is male, so him. - Is this your bag? — Yes, it is ___.
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mine — 「私のもの」は所有代名詞 mine（= my bag）。“Mine” is the possessive pronoun (= my bag). - Tom and Ken are brothers. ___ father is a doctor.
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Their — 名詞 father の前なので所有格。Tom と Ken は複数なので Their。A possessive goes before the noun father. Tom and Ken are plural, so Their. - I enjoyed ___ at the party.
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myself — 主語自身が楽しんだので再帰代名詞 myself。The subject enjoyed itself, so the reflexive myself. - Look at the cat. ___ eyes are blue.
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Its — eyes の前なので所有格。it の所有格は its。It goes before the noun eyes, so the possessive. The possessive of it is its.
おさえておきたいポイントKey points
- 主語の位置には主格（I, he, she, we, they）、動詞や前置詞のあとには目的格（me, him, her, us, them）を使うUse the subject form (I, he, she, we, they) as the subject and the object form (me, him, her, us, them) after a verb or preposition
- 所有格（my, your, his など）はかならず名詞の前に置くA possessive (my, your, his…) always goes right before a noun
- 「〜のもの」と1語で言うときは所有代名詞（mine, yours, hers など）を使うTo say “someone's one” in one word, use a possessive pronoun (mine, yours, hers…)
- myself, yourself などの再帰代名詞は「自分自身」を表す。複数形は -selvesReflexive pronouns such as myself and yourself mean “oneself”; the plural ends in -selves
- her は所有格（彼女の）にも目的格（彼女を）にもなる。あとに名詞が続くかで見分けるHer can be a possessive or an object form; check whether a noun follows
- 天気・時間・寒暖を言う it は「それ」と訳さない。its と it's は別物The it for weather, time and temperature is not translated as “that”. Its and it's are different